Kick-starting the brain’s natural ability to adjust to new circumstances, known as neuroplasticity, improves how effectively a cochlear implant can restore hearing loss, a new study in deaf rats shows. Researchers say the investigation may help explain why some implant recipients respond so much better to treatment than others.
Unlike hearing aids, which amplify, balance, and sharpen incoming sound, cochlear implants send electrical signals that represent sounds directly to the brain. Unfortunately, it takes time to understand the meaning of the signals. While some cochlear implant users begin to understand speech hours after receiving their device, others require months or years to do so. The mechanisms that determine how quickly the brain can adjust to an implant have been unclear.
Led by researchers at NYU Langone Health, the new investigation in rats—published online December 21 in the journal Nature—evaluated whether stimulating the locus coeruleus, a major site of neuroplasticity found deep in mammals’ brain stems, improved how quickly they learned to use their devices. It showed that within just three days of receiving their implants, rodents given the extra boost could effectively complete tasks that required accurate hearing. By contrast, those without the stimulation needed up to 16 days to do so. An article detailing the research appears on the NYU website.
“Our findings suggest that differences in neuroplasticity, particularly in parts of the brain such as the locus coeruleus, may help explain why some cochlear implant users improve faster than others,” said study lead author and neuroscientist Erin Glennon, PhD, a medical student at NYU Grossman School of Medicine.
In an earlier investigation, the research team found that electrically stimulating the locus coeruleus in rodents increases neuroplasticity and changes how the brain’s hearing system represents sound. However, the new study is the first to demonstrate that stimulating this brain region hastens hearing among cochlear implant recipients, according to Glennon.
For the investigation, the study authors trained rats with normal hearing to press a button after they heard a particular sound and to ignore the button if they heard a different one. Once deafened, the rats were unable to complete the task. Then they were given cochlear implants and retrained to perform the same challenge by relying on the device.
Among the findings, the study showed that locus coeruleus activity changed dramatically as the rats learned to use their implants. At first, the brain region was most active when the animals received food after hearing the tone and pressing the correct button. As they learned to associate pressing the button with receiving the reward, brain activity instead peaked when they just heard the tones. Notably, the faster this change occurred, the faster the rats consistently succeeded at the task.
“Our results suggest that improving neuroplasticity in the locus coeruleus may speed up and bolster the effectiveness of cochlear implants,” said study co-senior author and neuroscientist Robert C. Froemke, PhD, the Skirball Foundation Professor of Genetics in the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology at NYU Langone.
Froemke says the team next plans to explore ways of stimulating the brain region in humans that do not require invasive surgery. Froemke also serves as a professor in NYU Langone’s Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery.
“Since our goal is to activate the locus coeruleus, we need to determine what noninvasive mechanisms may be used to trigger the brain region,” said study co-senior author Mario A. Svirsky, PhD, the Noel L. Cohen Professor of Hearing Science in the Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery.
Svirsky, also a professor in the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, cautions that the rats’ hearing was examined using simple sounds in a straightforward task, while humans need to respond to nuanced speech patterns in noisy environments. Further research, he says, is needed into other brain regions that may be involved.
Funding for the study was provided by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants F30DC017351, T32GM007308, R01DC003937, R01DC012557, P30CA016087, and P41EB017183. Additional funding support was provided by Cochlear Ltd, an NYU vendor, which also sells equipment and technical support to NYU Langone. The terms and conditions of these agreements are being managed in accordance with the policies of the health system.
In addition to Glennon, Froemke, and Svirsky, other study investigators include Youssef Z. Wadghiri, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Radiology at NYU Langone; Silvana Valtcheva, PhD, principal investigator at the University of Cologne, in Germany; and Angela W. Zhu, MD, otolaryngology resident at the University of Southern California.
Original Paper: Glennon E, Valtcheva S, Zhu A, Wadghiri YZ, Svirsky MA, Froemke RC. Locus coeruleus activity improves cochlear implant performance. Nature. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05554-8.
Source: NYU Langone, Nature
